I.           Introduction A.                  Psychology 1.       Psyche = Soul 2.       Ology = Study Of 3.       Often defined as the study of human behavior a.       Everything people do 1.       Physical behavior 2.       Thought   B.      This need to understand the self and human behavior is as old as civilization 1.       Long past but a short history a.       Just the late 1800’s that we began to apply Scientific Principles to the mind b.      Became a separate discipline in the 1880’s 2.       People generally take a Psych class for 1 of 2 reasons a.       To understand themselves b.      To Understand others 3.       The need to understand human behavior is even more important today a.       Complexities of modern life b.      Jolts of the 20th and 21st centuries c.       Challenges to tradition   C.      In order to give answers to the problems of psychology 4 traditional functions have been developed 1.       Description 2.       Understanding 3.       Prediction 4.       Control   II.      Wundt   A.      Founded 1st Psych lab in 1879 1.       Principles of Physiological Psychology must be studied objectively a.       Scientific Method 2.       Main concerns a.       Uncovering the natural laws of the human mind b.      Searched for the basic units of thought 1.       Investigated the processes by which we make meaningful patterns out of sensory stimuli 2.       Strip Perception of its associations – find the Atoms of thought 3.       Used Objective introspection a.       Introduced measurement and experimentation into psychology b.      But OI doesn’t meet the criteria of science 1.       No test retest reliability   III.    Titchener A.      A student of the Liepzig Lab (Wundt’s student)   B.      3 basic elements to Psychology 1.       Physical sensation 2.       Affection or feeling 3.       Images – memories and dreams   C.      Psychology is physics with the observer kept in 1.       Psychologies job is to identify the three elements and show how they combine to create experience a.       Even for the most complex of thoughts and feelings 2.       It is about finding the basic units of experiences and the combinations in which the occur a.       Studies the basic structure of perception and thought 3.       The study of experiences   IV.    William James and Functionalism A.      1st Am. Born Psychologist B.      Studied Chemistry 1.       Physiology 2.       Anatomy 3.       Biology 4.       Medicine 5.       Philosophy C.      Saw Philosophy and Physiology converging in Psychology D.      Concluded that Structuralism was wrong 1.       Pure sensation w/o association didn’t exist a.       Perception, association, sensation, and emotion cannot be separated 2.       Our minds are in constant flux a.       Called this the Flow of Consciousness 1.       Weaving Association 2.       Revising Experiences 3.       Jumping back and forth in time 4.       Starting and Stopping E.       Believed that all activity was functional 1.       Mental associations allow us to benefit from previous experience 2.       Functionalism is not directly concerned w/ learning, sensation, and perception except in how they are used to function in the environment a.       Ultimately, because they were so powerful, these theories were applied to education   V.      Freud A.      Viennese Neurologist B.      Found that many of his patients illnesses were psychology based C.      Unconscious desires were at the base of many of these illnesses 1.       To Freud much of our behavior is governed by hidden motives and unconscious desires 2.       Emphasized childhood experiences a.       Parent relationships etc 3.       Major contributions a.       1st to develop a comprehensive theory of mental life b.      1st stage theory of development 1.       Id - Child 2.       Ego - Self 3.       Super Ego - Parent c.       1st major psychological treatment approach - Psychoanalysis d.      1st to develop a comprehensive theory of mental life e.      Subconscious f.        Dream Interpretation g.       Freudian Slip h.      Psycho-sexual (Motivation) 1.       Libido = pleasure principle 2.       Oedipus complex   VI.    Gestalt Psychology A.      Germany B.      Translates = Whole or Form C.      Tendency to see patterns 1.       To complete a pictures from cues 2.       To reach conclusions from sparse information D.      Attempt to break down perception was wrong E.       Desire to understand the tricks the mind can play on itself   VII.  Existential Humanistic Psychology A.      Existentialism 1.       Psychology concerned with the meaninglessness and alienation of modern life a.       Leads to apathy, fear, and other problems (Neurotic Behavior) 2.       We need to reexamine our concept of normal and abnormal a.       Is neurosis a reasonable response to an abnormal world 3.       We need to help people re-discover their inner sense of identity and value a.       To achieve freedom and responsibility for their actions B.      Humanism 1.       Closely related to existentialism 2.       People are basically good – Trying to be the best they can a.       People must learn to realize their full potential 3.       Focuses on a.       Non-verbal experience b.      Unity of Mind c.       Altered States of Consciousness d.      Letting Go 4.       Both contain components of mysticism and are related to eastern philosophies   VIII.    Behaviorism A.      Pavlov’s Dogs & Classical Conditioning B.      Watson – Classical Behaviorism 1.       For his PhD. Watson was asked to speculate on the consciousness that produced behavior in a rat a.       Found this absurd b.      Believed that consciousness was a superstitious relic 1.       Consciousness couldn’t be defined any more than the soul 2.       You can’t locate it or measure it therefore it couldn’t be an object of scientific study 2.       Psychology must be purged of Mentalism a.    Psychology was the study of observable measurable behavior only b.   All behavior could be reduced to and explained by some stimulus and the resulting reinforced conditioning 1.       Conditioned S-R C.      Skinner 1.       Was interested in changing behavior thru conditioning and discovering the natural laws of behavior a.       Operant Conditioning 1.       Made the animal an active agent in its own S-R conditioning Reward the animal for behaving the way you want   IX.       Cognitive Psychology A.      Study of Cognition / Mental processes 1.       Thinking,  Feeling,  Learning,  Remembering,  Decision Making, and  Judgments 2.       Interested in the ways people perceive, interpret, store, and retrieve information B.      Mental Processes can and should be studied 1.       Mental Processes are behaviors 2.       We can’t observe them directly but we can observe the behavior (See pg 26)   X.         Evolutionary Psychology A.      The study of how certain behaviors originated 1.       How behavioral adaptation may have been driven by evolutionary needs a.       What adaptive value do they have b.      What purpose do they serve B.      Studies behavior over time, among species, cultures and sexes